英語八大時態(tài)：

1

一般現在時

標志：動詞原形

1. 表示經常性或習慣性動作，常與表頻度的時間狀語連用：

She often speaks English.

I leave home for school at 7 every morning.

2. 表示現在的狀態(tài)、特征、職業(yè)、能力、感覺等：

He seems to feel a bit down today.

He works as a driver.

3. 表示真理、客觀存在、科學事實或用于格言警句中：

Shanghai lies in the east of China.

Columbus proved that the earth is round.

Where there is a will, there is a way.

4. 表示現在瞬間的動作：

Here comes the bus!

5. 表示將來

1) 表按規(guī)定、計劃、安排將要發(fā)生的動作（僅限于某些表示“來、去、動、停、開始、結束、繼續(xù)”等的趨向動詞），可以與表示未來的時間狀語搭配使用。常見的用法是：飛機、火車、輪船、汽車等定期定點運行的交通狀況。如：

The next train leaves at 3 o’clock this afternoon.

How often does the shuttle bus run?

2) 在時間和條件狀語從句中常使用一般現在時表示將來發(fā)生的事情：

When Bill comes (不用will come), ask him to wait for me.

I shall go there tomorrow unless I’m too busy.

2

一般過去時

標志：動詞過去式

*閉音節(jié)：元音字母a, e, i, o, u如果發(fā)字母本來的音則稱為開音節(jié)，否則稱為閉音節(jié)。

1. 表示過去某時所發(fā)生的動作或存在的狀態(tài)，常與表示過去的時間狀語連用（e.g. yesterday, this morning, just now, a moment ago, in May, last night / year / week, once upon a time, the other day, before …, when …, in the past等）。如：

Jim rang you just now.

Liu Ying was in America last year.

2. 表示過去經?；蚍磸桶l(fā)生的動作，特別是used to do表達的句型，本身表示的就是過去常常。如：

When I was a kid, I often played football in the street.

She used to visit her mother once a week.

*注意區(qū)分sb. used to do sth.（某人過去常常做某事，此處to是動詞不定式標志符號）和sb. be used to sth./doing sth.（某人習慣于某物/做某事，此處to是介詞）。

3. 代替一般現在時，表示一種婉轉、客氣、禮貌、商量的語氣。此用法僅適用于少數動詞（如want, hope, wonder, think, intend等）及情態(tài)動詞could, would。如：

I wondered if you could have a word with me.

I hoped you could help me with my English.

Would you mind my sitting here?

4. 虛擬語氣中用一般過去時表示現在或將來時間的動作或狀態(tài)。常用句型有：

It is time that sb. did sth. “某人該做某事了”

would rather sb. did sth. “寧愿某人做某事”

3

一般將來時

標志：will / shall + 動詞原形

1. 表示將來發(fā)生的動作或存在的狀態(tài)，通常與表示將來的時間狀語連用（e.g. tomorrow, next week, in the future等）。如：

We shall have a lot of rain next month.

My husband will come back in a few days.

2. 表示傾向性和習慣性：

Fish will die without water.

When it gets warmer, the snow will start to melt.

3. 一般將來時的幾種句式結構辨析：

1) will / shall + 動詞原形

多用于表達主觀愿望或必定會發(fā)生的事情（“將會如何”）

*shall作助動詞時一般只用于第一人稱

2) be going to + 動詞原形

表示即將發(fā)生或打算要做的事：

It is going to rain.

We are going to have a meeting today.

3) be to + 動詞原形

表示按計劃或安排即將要發(fā)生的動作：

He is to visit Japan next year.

We are to discuss the report on Monday.

4) be about to + 動詞原形

表示即將發(fā)生的動作，意為“馬上要做某事”，后面一般不跟時間狀語，如：

The plane is about to start.

Don’t worry. I am about to make a close examination on you.

4

現在進行時

標志：be + 動詞的現在分詞

1. 表示說話時正在進行的動作：

She is writing a letter upstairs.

Who are you waiting for?

It is raining hard.

2. 表示現階段一直在進行的動作（說話時動作未必正在進行）：

I hear Mr. Green is writing another novel.

3. 表示反復出現或習慣性的動作，往往包含說話者贊揚、責備、厭惡等情緒，通常與always, constantly, continually, forever等頻度副詞連用。如：

John is forever asking silly questions like a stupid.

He is always thinking of others first.

4. 表示將來

1) 表示按計劃、安排將要發(fā)生的動作，僅適用于部分趨向動詞（如go, come, leave, start, arrive等）。如：

Uncle Wang is coming.

They're leaving for Beijing.

2) 在時間和條件狀語從句中，現在進行時表示將來某時正在發(fā)生的事情。如：

Please drop in when you are passing my way.

If he is still sleeping, don’t wake him up.

5

過去進行時

標志：was / were + 動詞的現在分詞

1. 表示過去某一時刻或一段時間正在進行的動作，過去進行時中常用的時間狀語有the whole morning, all day yesterday, from January to March last year等。如：

I was having a talk with Lucy at that time.

They were watching TV at home last night.

2. 表示過去反復出現或習慣性的動作，往往包含說話者贊揚、責備、厭惡等情緒，通常與always, constantly, continually, forever等頻度副詞連用。如：

My brother was always losing his keys.

3. 表示按計劃、安排過去某時刻將要發(fā)生的動作，僅適用于部分趨向動詞（如go, come, leave, start, arrive等）。如：

He said they were leaving for Beijing this afternoon.

4. 過去進行時有一個主要用法就是描述一件事情發(fā)生的背景（一個長動作延續(xù)的時候，另一個短動作發(fā)生）：

Granny fell asleep when she was reading.

It was raining when they left the station.

6

現在完成時

標志：have / has + 動詞的過去分詞

1. 表示一個過去發(fā)生并已完成的動作對現在產生影響或結果，強調的是現在的狀況（表示“已完成”）。如：

He has left the city. （結果：他目前不在這個城市）

Someone has broken the window. （結果：窗戶破了）

2. 表示一個動作開始于過去，持續(xù)到現在，也可能還會繼續(xù)持續(xù)下去（表示“未完成”）。

I have been busy since last week.

He has taught in our school for 30 years.

I’ve finished half so far.

注意 瞬間動詞通常是不能用現在完成時表持續(xù)性的，但其否定結構則可以。如：

She hasn’t seen you for ages.

His father hasn’t touched beer for a whole week.

3. 表示過去到現在為止反復發(fā)生的動作或多次出現的狀態(tài)，常與表示頻度的副詞always, often, every day等連用。如：

I have often heard that he is the cleverest person in that company.

4. 在時間和條件狀語從句中，現在完成時表示將來某時完成的動作。如：

I’ll go to your home when I have finished my homework.

If it has stopped snowing in the morning, we’ll go the park.

5. 與現在完成時連用的常見詞語

能與現在完成時連用的詞語很多，just, already, yet, before, never, ever, recently等，但常見的有：

1) since 自從

I have been there many times since the war.

We haven’t seen each other since last week.

We have been friends ever since.

2) in / for / during the past/last … years 在過去/最近…中

I’ve been ill for the past three weeks.

Great changes have take place in the last ten years.

I have been here (for) the last/past month.

3) so far 到目前為止

We haven’t had any trouble so far.

So far the search for the missing middle-aged woman has been fruitless.

4) up to/until now 到現在為止

Up to now he’s been quiet.

Up to now, the work has been easy.

I have heard nothing from him up till now.

Up till now we have planted over 2000 trees.

5) It is/will be the first/second … time that … 這是第一/二…次…

It’s the first time (that) I’ve been here.

It will be the first time (that) I’ve spoken in public.

It is the second time (that) I have met him today.

6) This is + 形容詞最高級 + that … 這是最…

This is the best film that I’ve (ever) seen.

6. 現在完成時與一般過去時的區(qū)別

1) 現在完成時強調對現在的影響和結果，與現在有聯系；

而一般過去時強調這個動作發(fā)生的時間是在過去，不涉及對現在的影響。如：

I have seen this film. （我已經看過了這部電影）

I saw this film yesterday. （我是昨天看的這部電影）

2) 現在完成時常與模糊的時間狀語連用（如for, since, so far, ever, never, just, yet, till/until, up to now, always等），或者干脆沒有時間狀語；

而一般過去時常與具體的時間狀語連用（如yesterday, last night, …ago, in 1980, in February等）。

3) 現在完成時表示持續(xù)時一般使用延續(xù)性動詞（如live, teach, work, know等）；

而一般過去時常使用瞬間動詞（如begin, buy, die, marry等）。如：

He has lived in Hangzhou since last spring.

My grandfather bought the car five years ago.

7. 易錯點辨析

1) 考生容易把一些瞬間動詞用現在完成時表達，這是錯誤的。如：

(×) He has died for two years. 他死了兩年了。

(√) He has been dead for two years.

(√) He died two years ago.

(×) The film has begun for 10 minutes. 電影開演十分鐘了。

(√) The film has been on for 10 minutes.

(√) The film began 10 minutes ago.

(×) She has married for three years. 她結婚有三年了。

(√) She has been married for three years.

(√) She married Mike three years ago.

2) 考生不懂如何區(qū)分have been to和have gone to，盡管兩者均可后接地點，但have been to表示去過某地（現在已經回來了），have gone to表示到某地去了（現在還沒回來）。如：

She has been to Paris (three times).

She has gone to Paris.

7

過去完成時

標志：had + 動詞的過去分詞

1. 表示在過去的某個時間或動作以前已經發(fā)生的動作或已經存在的狀態(tài)。如：

By the end of last week he had finished the work.

He had left when I arrived.

2. 表示從過去某一時間開始，一直延續(xù)到過去另一時間的動作或狀態(tài)。如：

We had not seen each other since I left Beijing.

The film had been on for 5 minutes when I got to the cinema.

3. 某些表意向的動詞（如intend, think, plan, expect, hope等）的過去完成時表示主語未曾實現的愿望、希望、打算。如：

I had intended to visit you last night, but someone called and I couldn’t get away.

We had hoped that you would come, but you didn’t.

4. （虛擬語氣）在條件狀體從句或wish / would rather等后面的從句中，使用過去完成時表示與過去事實相反的主觀愿望。如：

The party wouldn’t have been so perfect if you hadn’t come.

I wish I had gone with you to the concert that day.

5. 過去完成時與一般過去時

1) 基本區(qū)別：過去完成時表示以過去某時間為起點以前所發(fā)生的動作或存在的狀態(tài)，即過去完成時強調“過去的過去”，而一般過去時只表示以現在時間為起點以前所發(fā)生的事情或存在的狀態(tài)。如：

He studied there two years ago.他兩年前在那兒學習（離現在兩年）

He said he had studied there two years before.他說他兩年前在那兒學習過。（離他說話時兩年）

2) 特別注意：兩個動作如果按順序發(fā)生，又不強調先后，或者用then, and, but等連詞連接時，多用一般過去時。如：

When she saw the mouse, she screamed.

My aunt gave me a hat and I lost it.

8

過去將來時

標志：would + 動詞原形

1. 表示從過去某一時間來看將要發(fā)生的動作或存在的狀態(tài)，一般用于主句為過去時的賓語從句中。如：

He said he would come here next Friday.

I knew that he would help us when we were in trouble.

2. 表示過去的動作習慣或傾向：

The old man would sit on a bench in the quite park for hours without doing anything.

When I worked on that farm, I would get up at 5 am.

3. 用于虛擬語氣中：

If I were you, I would not do that.

If he were here, he would show us how to do it.

4. 過去將來時的其他形式

1) was / were going to + 動詞原形。如：

He told us that he was going to attend the meeting.

She said that I was going to be sent to meet her at the railway station.

2) was / were to + 動詞原形。如：

The building was to be completed next month.

Li Lei was to arrive soon.

3) was / were about to + 動詞原形。如：

We were about to leave there when it began to rain heavily and suddenly.

He was about to have lunch when the bell rang.

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