這個(gè)單元介紹了幾種常見(jiàn)的寫作段落，相當(dāng)重要的議論文基礎(chǔ)。

若能跟著GW一步步扎實(shí)學(xué)下來(lái)，國(guó)外考試的議論文不是難題。

因果關(guān)系段落在實(shí)際寫作里相當(dāng)常用。

可分兩種結(jié)構(gòu)， 第一種是果：

topic sentence 

導(dǎo)致1

導(dǎo)致2 

導(dǎo)致3

concluding sentence 

第二種是因：

topic sentence 

原因1

原因2

原因3 

concluding sentence

在GW3 的前三個(gè)單元，不是馬上進(jìn)入全篇議論文，依然重點(diǎn)在段落學(xué)習(xí)----各種段落的亮點(diǎn)，各種寫法，這實(shí)際上就是文章的縮影。

比如以上的結(jié)構(gòu)，寫成一段，或者一篇，道理都相同。

因果關(guān)系的段落，在議論文中使用得比比皆是。

以因?yàn)閷?dǎo)向的段落舉例：

電子垃圾的規(guī)模越來(lái)越大，在全球范圍內(nèi)造成了許多嚴(yán)重的后果。首先，這些垃圾中的大部分最終會(huì)被送往垃圾填埋場(chǎng)，污染了環(huán)境，因?yàn)槠渲泻杏卸疚镔|(zhì)。更重要的是，大量的電子垃圾被發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家運(yùn)到發(fā)展中國(guó)家。可以預(yù)料，那些國(guó)家將在制造業(yè)中利用它們。最終，這些受污染的產(chǎn)品將被賣到世界各地。因此，有害的影響循環(huán)往復(fù)，這證明電子垃圾對(duì)全世界人民的健康構(gòu)成了越來(lái)越大的威脅。

The increasing scale of electronic trash has lead to many serious consequences, globally. For one, the bulk of all this waste ends up in landfills where it poisons the environment, as it contains toxic substances. What’s more, a large quantities of e-waste was sent to developing countries by developed world.It’s to be expected that those nations will make use of them in manufacture.In the end,these contaminated products will be sold to every part of the world.Thus, the harmful effect circulates back and forth, which proves that e-waste pose an increasing threat to health of people worldwide. 

以結(jié)果為導(dǎo)向的因果段落舉例：

電子垃圾的規(guī)模越來(lái)越大，在全球范圍內(nèi)造成了許多嚴(yán)重的后果。首先，這些垃圾中的大部分最終會(huì)被送往垃圾填埋場(chǎng)，污染了環(huán)境，因?yàn)槠渲泻杏卸疚镔|(zhì)。更重要的是，大量的電子垃圾被發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家運(yùn)到發(fā)展中國(guó)家。可以預(yù)料，那些國(guó)家將在制造業(yè)中利用它們。最終，這些受污染的產(chǎn)品將被賣到世界各地。因此，有害的影響循環(huán)往復(fù)，這證明電子垃圾對(duì)全世界人民的健康構(gòu)成了越來(lái)越大的威脅。

The increasing scale of electronic trash has lead to many serious consequences, globally. For one, the bulk of all this waste ends up in landfills where it poisons the environment, as it contains toxic substances. What’s more, a large quantities of e-waste was sent to developing countries by developed world.It’s to be expected that those nations will make use of them in manufacture.In the end,these contaminated products will be sold to every part of the world.Thus, the harmful effect circulates back and forth, which proves that e-waste pose an increasing threat to health of people worldwide. 

問(wèn)題解決型段落是最常見(jiàn)的議論文段落之一。

隨便舉一些國(guó)外考試的議論文題目：

Education is a fundamental human right, yet many people in some developing countries remain illiterate. How can we solve this issue? 教育是一項(xiàng)基本人權(quán)，但一些發(fā)展中國(guó)家仍有許多人不識(shí)字。我們?nèi)绾谓鉀Q這個(gè)問(wèn)題?

There were several instances when social media websites were accused of gathering people’s private information. What are the ways to ensure privacy in the digital age?

在數(shù)字時(shí)代，如何確保隱私?

Habits such as smoking and overeating negatively affect people’s health. How can we better promote healthy lifestyles? 吸煙和暴飲暴食等習(xí)慣對(duì)人的健康有負(fù)面影響。我們?cè)鯓硬拍芨玫赝茝V健康的生活方式?

Drinking water has become an uncommon thing in many countries due to pollution. What can people do to help with this problem? 由于污染，飲用水在許多國(guó)家已經(jīng)成為一件不尋常的事情。人們可以做些什么來(lái)幫助解決這個(gè)問(wèn)題?

Leftover food is a massive problem, as it wastes water and farmland. How can we reduce it? 剩飯是一個(gè)巨大的問(wèn)題，因?yàn)樗速M(fèi)了水和農(nóng)田。我們?cè)鯓硬拍軠p少它?

關(guān)于剩飯解決方案的段落示范：

If you’ve heard the latest statistics, you know that 40 percent of all food is wasted in the United States. And nearly half of that waste comes from households.Some are caused by people cooking too much, others are by those who order too much in the restaurants. One suggestion for families with leftover problem is to make the food into tomorrow’s lunch.Saving leftovers is a quick way to pack a low-effort lunch, which definitely proves to be the best choice for white-collar workers.

如果你聽(tīng)過(guò)最新的統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)據(jù)，你就會(huì)知道美國(guó)40%的食物都浪費(fèi)了。其中近一半的垃圾來(lái)自家庭。有些是由于人們做飯?zhí)嘣斐傻模硪恍┦怯捎谀切┰诓宛^點(diǎn)太多的菜。關(guān)于家庭里剩飯問(wèn)題的一個(gè)建議是把這些食物做成第二天的午餐。節(jié)省剩飯剩菜是一種省力午餐的快捷方法,這無(wú)疑是白領(lǐng)的最佳選擇。

Another solution is for restaurants, which constitutes a much more serious problem for food wasting. One smart move is to donate excess food to those who need.With so many people going hungry all over ,this will be a blessing for them.Restaurants and charity organizations should work together to help out, which is a win-win solution.

另一個(gè)解決方案是為餐館，這是一個(gè)更為嚴(yán)重的食物浪費(fèi)問(wèn)題。一個(gè)明智的舉動(dòng)是把多余的食物捐贈(zèng)給需要的人。在這么多人挨餓的情況下，這對(duì)他們來(lái)說(shuō)將是一種善事。餐廳和慈善組織可以合作幫助，這是一個(gè)雙贏的解決方案。

結(jié)合因果段落和問(wèn)題解決型為一體的議論文全篇示范：

話題：

What are the reasons for declines of wild animals? What are possible solutions to mitigate this problem?

野生動(dòng)物數(shù)量減少的原因是什么?有什么可能的解決方案來(lái)緩解這個(gè)問(wèn)題?

第一段：introduction

Animals are an integral part of our eco-system. However, it is irrefutable that the percentage of wild animals are reducing rapidly from the last half-century. There are numerous of a reason behind it. I will elaborate on these reason and effective steps which help to protect wildlife.

動(dòng)物是我們生態(tài)系統(tǒng)不可分割的一部分。然而，不可否認(rèn)的是，野生動(dòng)物的比例在過(guò)去的半個(gè)世紀(jì)以來(lái)正在迅速減少。這背后有無(wú)數(shù)的原因，而我將闡述其中某些原因和有效的步驟，來(lái)幫助保護(hù)野生動(dòng)物。

第二段：body part 1

First and foremost reason behind it is deforestation. Nowadays the human population is increasing day by day so that the demand for society also rise than supply. as a result of it, people need more accommodation, food, industries, and a better lifestyle in order to fulfill all these desires they cut the natural habitat of animals. Secondly, hunting is also a big concern in animals downward trend. Some segment of society killed the wild animals for their our benefits Such as, for decorating their house or office, cosmetics,  clothes. In other words, Some people use tiger skin for an interior of their house, tusks of elephants also use for import and export to gain profit. Thus, Individuals put wildlife in danger for their own benefits.

首先也是最重要的原因是森林砍伐。如今人口日益增加，社會(huì)的需求也超過(guò)了供給。因此，人們需要更多的住宿，食品，工業(yè)和更好的生活方式，為了滿足所有這些愿望，他們削減了動(dòng)物的自然棲息地。其次，狩獵也是動(dòng)物數(shù)量下降的一大問(wèn)題。社會(huì)的一部分人為了他們的利益殺死野生動(dòng)物，例如，為了裝飾他們的房子或辦公室，化妝品，衣服。換句話說(shuō)，有些人用虎皮做他們房子的內(nèi)部，大象的象牙也用來(lái)進(jìn)出口來(lái)獲得利潤(rùn)。因此，個(gè)體為了自己的利益而將野生動(dòng)物置于危險(xiǎn)之中。

（因果分析段落）

第三段：body part 2

There is some possible solution to solve this problem. first of all, Individual and government should co-operate with each other. To illustrate if anyone saw a wild animal in a living area then they should inform the forest department first instead of capturing them. Moreover, the government should enact some strict law against hunting or cutting the trees. last but not least, everyone should plant more and more tree to give natural habitat to animals.

一些可能解決這個(gè)問(wèn)題的方法。首先，個(gè)人和政府應(yīng)該相互合作。比如，如果有人在生活區(qū)看到野生動(dòng)物，那么他們應(yīng)該先通知森林部門，而不是去捕它們。此外，政府應(yīng)該制定嚴(yán)格的法律禁止狩獵或砍伐樹(shù)木。最后，每個(gè)人都應(yīng)該種植更多的樹(shù)給動(dòng)物自然的棲息地。

(問(wèn)題解決型段落）

總結(jié)段：conclusion

To conclude, deforestation and the overcrowded area is the main reasons for decreasing the wild animals but it is quite important to protect them and this is only possible with the co-operation of society. If they do not save them, future  generation cannot see them in the future.

總之，森林砍伐和過(guò)度擁擠是野生動(dòng)物減少的主要原因，但保護(hù)它們也很重要，這只有通過(guò)社會(huì)的合作才能實(shí)現(xiàn)。如果不去拯救動(dòng)物，我們的未來(lái)后代就無(wú)法看到。

看了很多學(xué)生的文章毫無(wú)內(nèi)容, 容易翻來(lái)覆去講一些空洞的話。發(fā)現(xiàn)其實(shí)難點(diǎn)不是在技巧方法，還是內(nèi)容。言之有物，RE和GW結(jié)合是最佳。

以上的段落仿寫，均出自RE閱讀的內(nèi)容。

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